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Vulva : Overview, Anatomy, structure and function - Sentelhealth

 Overview : The vulva is a part of the female reproductive system and is also part of the external genitalia. The vulva consists of labia minora, labia majora, mons pubis, clitoris, vestibular bulb, vulval vestibule, urinary meatus the vaginal opening, hymen, and Bartholin's glands. other parts of the vulva include sebaceous glands, urogenital triangle, and pudendal cleft. Pelvic floor muscles support the structures of the vulva and vulva including the entrance to the vagina. Vulva goes through changes during childhood, puberty, menopause, and post-menopause. Structure: A) Mons pubis: it is present in both sexes and act as a cushion during sexual intercourse and is more pronounced in female. the mons pubis is a soft fatty tissue at the front of the vulva in the pubic region covering the pubic bone. the lower part of the mons pubis is divided by a fissure called pudendal cleft. it separates mons pubis and labia majora, the mons pubis, and labia majora get covered by pubic hair at pu...
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Ovarian cancer symptoms - Sentelhealth

Ovarian cancer symptoms - Sentelhealth

ovarian cancer is the second most common genital cancer in the world accounting for 15-20% of all gynaecological cancers.In the past decade there is increase in the incidence of ovarian cancer due to decreased fertility and low parity.Ovarian cancer runs in families and has a strong association with breast,colon and endometrial cancer.Therefore family history of such cancers is important to diagnose the disease in it's early stages and to identify the high risk individual.

clinical features of ovarian cancer are not specific in early stages of the disease which result in late diagnosis in 70-80% cases.
commonly three types of female groups present with ovarian cancer -

1) adolescent group
2) menopausal women
3) postmenopausal women with low parity

ovarian cancer symptoms

Symptoms of ovarian cancer are divided into 2 cateogeries

A) Symptoms of early stage disease

initially a women with ovarian cancer shoes no symptoms but, as the tumour grows symptoms stars to develop rapidly 

1) abdominal pain and discomfort - Abdominal pain is the most consistent symptom of ovarian cancer.it is also the first symptom to appear.

 "A continous dull aching pain in the lower part of the abdomen which progresses over the time and not relieved on medication in menopausal women arise the suspicion of ovarian cancer."

2)Abnormal vaginal bleeding in female - bleeding does not corresponds to the normal cyclical                bleeding.
3)postmenopausal bleeding -
   bleeding in female after menopause is one of the earliest symptoms of ovarian cancer.Bleeding is scanty and copious incontrast to the fresh of regular menstrual cycle.

these three symptoms are classical symptoms of ovarian cancer and called ovarian cancer triad.

4)Ascites - appearance of this symptom indicates that the disease is progressing to advanced stage.
  Ascites commonly occurs in cancerous conditions of ovary(ovarian cancer) but,there are few non-cancerous conditions of ovary that also causes acites.
a)Ovarian fibroma
b)Brenner tumuor ovary

B)Symptoms of advanced disease

1) weight loss and cachexia-these symptoms indicate advanced stage of the disease.
  weight loss is not the specific sign but, abnormal weight loss always arise asuspicion of advanced       disease.
  A loss of 10% body weight in one month is a definitive sign of advanced stage cancer.

2) Oedema of leg- oedema on the leg indicates that the disease has spread to the liver and kidneys disrupting the osmoregulation of the body leading to oedema.oedema on one leg is more specific to ovarian cancer than on both legs.

3) Pleural effusion- pleural effusion (fluid buildup in lungs) shows metastasis of ovarian cancer to lungs.it is not the sign of end-stage disease as lung is most common of metastasis of ovarian cancer.




   

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