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Vulva : Overview, Anatomy, structure and function - Sentelhealth

 Overview : The vulva is a part of the female reproductive system and is also part of the external genitalia. The vulva consists of labia minora, labia majora, mons pubis, clitoris, vestibular bulb, vulval vestibule, urinary meatus the vaginal opening, hymen, and Bartholin's glands. other parts of the vulva include sebaceous glands, urogenital triangle, and pudendal cleft. Pelvic floor muscles support the structures of the vulva and vulva including the entrance to the vagina. Vulva goes through changes during childhood, puberty, menopause, and post-menopause. Structure: A) Mons pubis: it is present in both sexes and act as a cushion during sexual intercourse and is more pronounced in female. the mons pubis is a soft fatty tissue at the front of the vulva in the pubic region covering the pubic bone. the lower part of the mons pubis is divided by a fissure called pudendal cleft. it separates mons pubis and labia majora, the mons pubis, and labia majora get covered by pubic hair at pu...
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Scrotum : Overview, Anatomy, Blood supply, Nerve supply, Function, clinical conditions - Sentelhealth

OVERVIEW :
The scrotum is the male external genital organ located at the base of the penis next to the upper thighs. It is a dual-chambered sac of skin that contains testicles, the two oval glands responsible for producing and storing sperm. The scrotum is hanging away from the body as it requires a slightly lower temperature for sperm production than the rest of the body. Scrotum also acts as a protective layer for inside structures like the testis and other major blood vessels.
The left scrotum hangs a little lower than the right scrotum. In the influence of cold and in young person scrotum is corrugated and closely applied to the testis and in warm conditions and in old person scrotum is elongated and flaccid.

STRUCTURE OF SCROTUM :
Externally scrotum is divided into right and left parts by a ridge called the perineal raphe which joins with the internal septum of the scrotum.
A) Layers of scrotum:-
The scrotum is made of the following structures from outside-inwards :
1) Skin - it is a continuation of the abdominal skin.
2) Dartos muscle - it is the smooth muscle prolonged into the septum between two halves of the scrotum. It helps in the regulation of temperature within the scrotum.
3) External spermatic fascia
4) Cremastric muscle - it helps to move the testicle towards and away from the body in order to maintain the ideal temperature for sperm production. 
5) Internal spermatic fascia

B) Contents:- 
each side of the scrotum consists of -
1) Testicle - each testicle produces sperms and hormones, especially testosterone. Sperms are transferred from the testicles to the epididymis.
2) Epididymis - it is a tightly coiled tube located at the top of each testicle. They store sperm until their maturity usually 60-80 days.
3) Spermatic cords - spermatic cords contain blood vessels, nerves, and a tube called vas deference which moves sperms from epididymis to ejaculatory duct.

BLOOD SUPPLY: scrotum is supplied by superficial and deep pudendal arteries.
NERVE SUPPLY : 
A) 1/3rd of the scrotum is supplied by the L1 segment of the spinal cord.
B) 2/3rd of the scrotum is supplied by the S3 segment of the spinal cord.

FUNCTION OF SCROTUM :
regulation of temperature of testis and maintaining it at 35 degrees Celcius is the main function of the scrotum. This temperature is 2-3 degrees below body temperature and hence ideal for sperm production.
Temperature control is achieved by a smooth muscle of the scrotum by moving the scrotum towards and away from the body.

CLINICAL CONDITIONS :
A) Due to the laxity of skin and its dependant position scrotum is a common site for edema.
B) Abundance of hair and sebaceous glands also make its site of sebaceous cyst.
C) Other clinical conditions of scrotum include -
1) Inguinal hernia
2) Hydrocele
3) Varicocele
4) Spermatocele
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